A codebook should be created to guide the coding process. Coding is the process of converting data into numeric format. Data preparation usually follows the following steps.ĭata coding. This data must be converted into a machine -readable, numeric format, such as in a spreadsheet or a text file, so that they can be analyzed by computer programs like SPSS or SAS. In research projects, data may be collected from a variety of sources: mail-in surveys, interviews, pretest or posttest experimental data, observational data, and so forth. Readers are advised to familiarize themselves with one of these programs for understanding the concepts described in this chapter. Much of today’s quantitative data analysis is conducted using software programs such as SPSS or SAS. In this chapter, we will examine statistical techniques used for descriptive analysis, and the next chapter will examine statistical techniques for inferential analysis. Inferential analysis refers to the statistical testing of hypotheses (theory testing). Descriptive analysis refers to statistically describing, aggregating, and presenting the constructs of interest or associations between these constructs. Numeric data collected in a research project can be analyzed quantitatively using statistical tools in two different ways.
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